Legislation – Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
Changes to legislation:
Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, Part 1 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 11 April 2026. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Changes that have been made appear in the content and are referenced with annotations.
Changes to Legislation
Revised legislation carried on this site may not be fully up to date. Changes and effects are recorded by our editorial team in lists which can be found in the ‘Changes to Legislation’ area. Where those effects have yet to be applied to the text of the legislation by the editorial team they are also listed alongside the legislation in the affected provisions. Use the ‘more’ link to open the changes and effects relevant to the provision you are viewing.
Changes and effects yet to be applied to Schedule 5 Part 1:
- s. 13(8)(bza) inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 23(2)
- s. 13(8)(bzb) inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 24(9)
- s. 16(3)(a) word inserted by 2015 c. 2 s. 85(3)(a)
- s. 16(3)(b) and word inserted by 2015 c. 2 s. 85(3)(b)
- s. 16(3A)(3B) inserted by 2015 c. 2 s. 85(4)
- s. 22(6) inserted by 2022 c. 35 Sch. 4 para. 4(2)
- s. 23(8) inserted by 2022 c. 35 Sch. 4 para. 4(3)
- s. 25A inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 80(1)
- s. 29(3A) inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 81(6)
- Sch. 5 para. 11A and cross-heading inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 80(2)
Changes and effects yet to be applied to the whole Act associated Parts and Chapters:
Whole provisions yet to be inserted into this Act (including any effects on those provisions):
- s. 13(8)(bza) inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 23(2)
- s. 13(8)(bzb) inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 24(9)
- s. 16(3)(a) word inserted by 2015 c. 2 s. 85(3)(a)
- s. 16(3)(b) and word inserted by 2015 c. 2 s. 85(3)(b)
- s. 16(3A)(3B) inserted by 2015 c. 2 s. 85(4)
- s. 22(6) inserted by 2022 c. 35 Sch. 4 para. 4(2)
- s. 23(8) inserted by 2022 c. 35 Sch. 4 para. 4(3)
- s. 25A inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 80(1)
- s. 29(3A) inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 81(6)
- Sch. 5 para. 11A and cross-heading inserted by 2022 c. 36 s. 80(2)
SCHEDULE 5Procedure in First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal
Part 1Tribunal Procedure Rules
Introductory
1
(1)
This Part of this Schedule makes further provision about the content of Tribunal Procedure Rules.
(2)
The generality of section 22(1) is not to be taken to be prejudiced by—
(a)
the following paragraphs of this Part of this Schedule, or
(b)
any other provision (including future provision) authorising or requiring the making of provision by Tribunal Procedure Rules.
(3)
In the following paragraphs of this Part of this Schedule “Rules” means Tribunal Procedure Rules.
Concurrent functions
2
Rules may make provision as to who is to decide, or as to how to decide, which of the First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal is to exercise, in relation to any particular matter, a function that is exercisable by the two tribunals on the basis that the question as to which of them is to exercise the function is to be determined by, or under, Rules.
Delegation of functions to staff
3
(1)
Rules may provide for functions—
(a)
of the First-tier Tribunal, or
(b)
of the Upper Tribunal,
to be exercised by staff appointed under section F12(1) of the Courts Act 2003 or section 40(1) of this Act.
(2)
In making provision of the kind mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) in relation to a function, Rules may (in particular)—
(a)
provide for the function to be exercisable by a member of staff only if the member of staff is, or is of a description, specified in exercise of a discretion conferred by Rules;
(b)
provide for the function to be exercisable by a member of staff only if the member of staff is approved, or is of a description approved, for the purpose by a person specified in Rules.
F2(3)
A person may exercise functions by virtue of this paragraph only if authorised to do so by the Senior President of Tribunals.
(4)
An authorisation under this paragraph—
(a)
may be subject to conditions, and
(b)
may be varied or revoked by the Senior President of Tribunals at any time.
(5)
The Senior President of Tribunals may delegate to one or more of the following the Senior President of Tribunals’ functions under the preceding provisions of this paragraph—
(a)
a judicial office holder;
(b)
a person appointed under section 2(1) of the Courts Act 2003 or section 40(1) of this Act.
(6)
A person to whom functions of the Senior President of Tribunals are delegated under sub-paragraph (5)(b) is not subject to the direction of any person other than—
(a)
the Senior President of Tribunals, or
(b)
a judicial office holder nominated by the Senior President of Tribunals,
when exercising the functions.
(7)
Subsections (3) to (5) of section 8 apply to—
(a)
a delegation under sub-paragraph (5), and
(b)
a nomination under sub-paragraph (6),
as they apply to a delegation under subsection (1) of that section.
(8)
In this paragraph—
“function” does not include—
(a)
any function so far as its exercise involves authorising a person’s committal to prison or arrest;
(b)
any function of granting an injunction;
“judicial office holder” has the meaning given by section 109(4) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.
Time limits
4
Rules may make provision for time limits as respects initiating, or taking any step in, proceedings before the First-tier Tribunal or the Upper Tribunal.
Repeat applications
5
Rules may make provision restricting the making of fresh applications where a previous application in relation to the same matter has been made.
Tribunal acting of its own initiative
6
Rules may make provision about the circumstances in which the First-tier Tribunal, or the Upper Tribunal, may exercise its powers of its own initiative.
Hearings
7
Rules may—
(a)
make provision for dealing with matters without a hearing;
(b)
make provision as respects allowing or requiring a hearing to be in private or as respects allowing or requiring a hearing to be in public.
Proceedings without notice
8
Rules may make provision for proceedings to take place, in circumstances described in Rules, at the request of one party even though the other, or another, party has had no notice.
Representation
9
Rules may make provision conferring additional rights of audience before the First-tier Tribunal or the Upper Tribunal.
Evidence, witnesses and attendance
10
(1)
Rules may make provision about evidence (including evidence on oath and administration of oaths).
(2)
Rules may modify any rules of evidence provided for elsewhere, so far as they would apply to proceedings before the First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal.
(3)
Rules may make provision, where the First-tier Tribunal has required a person—
(a)
to attend at any place for the purpose of giving evidence,
(b)
otherwise to make himself available to give evidence,
(c)
to swear an oath in connection with the giving of evidence,
(d)
to give evidence as a witness,
(e)
to produce a document, or
(f)
to facilitate the inspection of a document or any other thing (including any premises),
for the Upper Tribunal to deal with non-compliance with the requirement as though the requirement had been imposed by the Upper Tribunal.
(4)
Rules may make provision for the payment of expenses and allowances to persons giving evidence, producing documents, attending proceedings or required to attend proceedings.
Use of information
11
(1)
Rules may make provision for the disclosure or non-disclosure of information received during the course of proceedings before the First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal.
(2)
Rules may make provision for imposing reporting restrictions in circumstances described in Rules.
Costs and expenses
12
(1)
Rules may make provision for regulating matters relating to costs, or (in Scotland) expenses, of proceedings before the First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal.
(2)
The provision mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) includes (in particular)—
(a)
provision prescribing scales of costs or expenses;
(b)
provision for enabling costs to undergo detailed assessment in England and Wales by F3the county court or the High Court;
(c)
provision for taxation in Scotland of accounts of expenses by an Auditor of Court;
(d)
provision for enabling costs to be taxed in Northern Ireland in F3the county court or the High Court;
(e)
provision for costs or expenses—
(i)
not to be allowed in respect of items of a description specified in Rules;
(ii)
not to be allowed in proceedings of a description so specified;
(f)
provision for other exceptions to either or both of subsections (1) and (2) of section 29.
Set-off and interest
13
(1)
Rules may make provision for a party to proceedings to deduct, from amounts payable by him, amounts payable to him.
(2)
Rules may make provision for interest on sums awarded (including provision conferring a discretion or provision in accordance with which interest is to be calculated).
Arbitration
14
Rules may provide for F4any of the provisions of sections 1 to 15 of and schedule 1 to the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 (which extends to Scotland) or Part 1 of the Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)
(which extends to England and Wales, and Northern Ireland, but not Scotland) not to apply, or not to apply except so far as is specified in Rules, where the First-tier Tribunal, or Upper Tribunal, acts as arbitrator.
Correction of errors and setting-aside of decisions on procedural grounds
15
(1)
Rules may make provision for the correction of accidental errors in a decision or record of a decision.
(2)
Rules may make provision for the setting aside of a decision in proceedings before the First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal—
(a)
where a document relating to the proceedings was not sent to, or was not received at an appropriate time by, a party to the proceedings or a party’s representative,
(b)
where a document relating to the proceedings was not sent to the First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal at an appropriate time,
(c)
where a party to the proceedings, or a party’s representative, was not present at a hearing related to the proceedings, or
(d)
where there has been any other procedural irregularity in the proceedings.
(3)
Sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not be taken to prejudice, or to be prejudiced by, any power to correct errors or set aside decisions that is exercisable apart from rules made by virtue of those sub-paragraphs.
Ancillary powers
16
Rules may confer on the First-tier Tribunal, or the Upper Tribunal, such ancillary powers as are necessary for the proper discharge of its functions.
Rules may refer to practice directions
17
Rules may, instead of providing for any matter, refer to provision made or to be made about that matter by directions under section 23.
Presumptions
18
Rules may make provision in the form of presumptions (including, in particular, presumptions as to service or notification).
Differential provision
19
Rules may make different provision for different purposes or different areas.